Cinnamon: The Prevention of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum, C. zeylanicum) and cassia (C. aromaticum) have a long history of uses as spices, flavoring agents, preservatives, and pharmacological agents.

Cinnamon Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Transport

Insulin resistance is a core defect in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome.
Many data tell that Cinnamon Extract (CE) prevents the development of insulin resistance, by enhancing insulin signaling and possibly via the NO pathway in skeletal muscle. An aqueous extract of cinnamon has also been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in humans.
Previous studies reported that CE increases glucose uptake and the glucose transporter (GLUT4) expression in adipose cells. It has been observed that a water extract of cinnamon reduced blood glucose, plasma insulin.

Cinnamon Decreases Inflammation

Tristetraprolin is an anti-inflammatory protein and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammation related diseases. It has been reported that tristetraprolin may offer partial protection against the development of insulin resistance and diabetes.
CE rapidly induces the expression of tristetraprolin mRNA levels in adipocytes. Cinnamon extract treatment decreases the mRNA expression of the inflammatory factors; improves the mRNA expression of IR, IRS1, IRS2, PI3K, and Akt1; inhibits CD36, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), and phosphatase and tensin homolog; and enhances impaired sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c expression in TNF-α- treated enterocytes. That study suggested that CE helps prevent the elevation of circulating triglyceriderich lipoproteins with significant effects on intestinal insulin resistance. Cinnamon extract reduces inflammation-related dyslipidemia and decreases risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases.

Cinnamon Controls Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Decreases Proliferation of Cancer Cells

Vascular endothelial growth factor is also a key mediator of adipogenesis in obesity and insulin resistance. However, most current anti-VEGF agents often cause side effects and therefore cannot be recommended for long-term use.
Cinnamon extract inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro, sprouts formation from aortic ring ex vivo, and tumor-induced blood vessel formation in vivo. These data suggest that procyanidin oligomers are active components in CE that inhibit angiogenesis. Taken together, this study revealed novel activity in cinnamon and identified a natural inhibitor of VEGF signaling that could potentially be useful in cancer prevention and/or treatment.

Cinnamon Improves Glucose, Insulin, Blood Lipids, and Hemoglobin A1c of People with Type 2 Diabetes

Many studies demonstrating that cinnamon improves blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with T2DM. It is also reported decreased fasting and postprandial glucose due to CE. Other study reported that cinnamon lowered hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c 0.83%) compared with usual care alone (0.37%).
Another study concluded that the effects of supplemental cinnamon on HbA1c values were only slightly less than the placebo-adjusted reductions reported for two popular drugs, sitagliptin and saxagliptin, used in the treatment of T2DM. However, cinnamon is without known side effects and can be used to treat more than 25 times as many patients for the same amount of money.

For more information regarding the study. Please click here.

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